What is the primary role of ribosomes within a cell?

Ribosomes play a critical role in the synthesis of proteins, which is essential for various cellular functions. These small, complex structures can be found either floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, forming rough ER. During the process of translation, ribosomes read the messenger RNA (mRNA) that carries the genetic instructions from DNA. They facilitate the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains based on the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA. This protein synthesis is vital for cell growth, repair, and overall functionality, as proteins are crucial for nearly every cellular activity.

The other options do not accurately capture the primary function of ribosomes. While some cellular functions involve energy storage, gene transport, and cell division, these processes are managed by different cellular structures and systems, not ribosomes specifically. Thus, the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis is a fundamental concept in cell biology, emphasizing their importance in the overall functioning of cells.