Which hereditary condition is characterized by excessive bleeding and spontaneous bleeding?

Hemophilia is a hereditary condition that specifically leads to excessive bleeding and spontaneous bleeding due to a deficiency in one of the clotting factors in the blood. This disorder is often inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, primarily affecting males. Patients with hemophilia may experience prolonged bleeding after injuries, surgery, or dental work, and they are also predisposed to spontaneous internal bleeding, especially into joints and muscles.

This condition is due to a lack of clotting factors—such as factor VIII in hemophilia A or factor IX in hemophilia B—which are critical for the normal clotting process. When any of these factors are deficient, the blood cannot clot effectively, resulting in the excessive bleeding that characterizes this disorder.

In contrast, thrombocytopenia refers to a low platelet count, which can also lead to bleeding, but it is more associated with various causes rather than being specifically hereditary. Pernicious anemia is related to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and affects red blood cell production, leading to anemia rather than bleeding issues. Polycythemia vera is a condition characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells, potentially leading to a higher risk of thrombosis, but it does not directly lead to excessive bleeding.