Which of the following can lead to ischemic heart disease?

Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, primarily results from the narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This condition occurs due to the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow. As the heart muscle is deprived of adequate blood supply, it becomes ischemic, which can result in chest pain (angina) or even heart attacks.

Coronary artery disease is recognized as a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease, making it the most direct and relevant option in this context. It directly impacts the blood supply to the heart, distinguishing it from other options that do not have the same direct relationship with ischemic processes affecting cardiac health.